Biology

H.pylori is a spiral shaped gram-negative bacterium found in the mucus lining of the stomach and duodenum. It is motile due to the presence of a sheathed flagella which, together with its spiral morphology, aids in the colonization of the gastric and duodenal mucus (Eaton, Morgan, Krakowka, 1992). It has a cell wall containing lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) which is typical of other gram-negative bacteria. Aside from maintaining physical integrity and function of the cell envelope, the LPSs also afford...

Oral cancer, found in the oral cavity, can be detected early on. Cancers of the oral cavity are growths that appear on the lips, tongue, gingivae, palate, buccal mucosavestibule, salivary glands, and the floor of the mouth. Majority of these cancers are carcinomas, or tumors that cultivate from unrestrained growth of single cells or clones of cells that are found in the stratified squamous epithelium (Silverman 2001). Most of these cancers are of the squamous cell type, particularly squamous cell...

Cystic fibrosis, also known in medical terms as mucoviscidosis is a genetically acquired (hereditary) disease common people of Caucasian and Jewish descent (Roberts, 2003). It affects glands that aid inn waste secretion in the entire body to bring about steady progressive disability and eventual death (Davis, 1993). Children who acquire cystic fibrosis are at a risk of facing an early death. The body organs that are most often affected are the lungs, liver, sinuses and the pancreas.  The sex...

There are animals that undergo a specific phase of transformation called metamorphosis. Animals like butterflies, frogs, newts and mosquitoes all experience metamorphosis before they reach the imago phase of their life. Metamorphosis is associated with the different stages in life before coming out in adult form. One of the significant associations of metamorphosis is the adaptive changes incur in the organism in the way the organism interacts with its environment. The environmental cues play an...

Oxygen is a basic requirement for the survival of mankind. This is because it aids in the bodys respiration process. On the other side, although plants respire just like we do, they do so only for few hours in a day. Plants make their own through a process called photosynthesis. This process requires water, nutrients from the soil, sunlight and carbon dioxide. This paper is written to support the fact that there could be no people without plants. According to scientific evidence, plants mostly...

Though considered to be microscopic, cells reproduce themselves in an elaborate cycle called the cell cycle (Morgan, 2007, p.1). Some processes involved in the cell division cycle are mitosis and meiosis which are often confused with each other.     Mitosis or nuclear division is the complex process by which the eukaryotic cell divides the chromosomes in its nucleus equally into two identical daughter nuclei (Morgan, 2007, p.4). Mitosis is also one of the major processes involved...

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Please accept this letter as I appeal to your good insurance companys decision to reconsider the coverage for in vitro fertilization or zygote intra fallopian transfer. I do believe that the previous decision is based on specific conditions which your company believes to hinder the success of the aforementioned procedure. However, I must emphasize that these medical reasons have already been attended to and will no longer significantly affect the results of the IVF procedure.     Please...

The news about the discovery of the female sex hormone progesterone in a plant amazed me and really caught my attention. The news wedged my interest because it seemed very unlikely to find a female sex hormone in a plant. It made me realize that there are so many things yet to be discovered in plants even though man has been studying them since time immemorial. For the longest time, scientists believed that only animals can produce sex hormones. So when the American Chemical Society published their...

Evaluation of the Validity of the MAND in Assessing Motor Impairment in Young Children Article Summary  The article featured a study on the validity and discrimination accuracy of an assessment tool used for identifying motor impairment among young children. (MAND) or the McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development was compared with the most commonly used test which is the (MABC) or Movement Assessment Battery for Children. Children were then selected for testing and observations are...

Metabolism, the biochemical mechanism through which the food consumed is converted to energy, is a very essential process that occurs in all living organisms.  Energy is required in the body of all organisms even at rest to perform vital functions that keep an organism alive. Breathing, blood circulation, regulation of hormones and growth are some of the vital functions that require energy (Bender, 2002). Basal metabolic energy is the amount of energy spent by the body while resting. Metabolism...

In this article, the authors investigate the behavior of desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, as they try to search their nests after their navigation system has failed. Through the experiment, the authors tried to ascertain if there are factors other than the distance traveled which affects the search pattern of the ants. The authors hypothesized that the distance traveled is not the only factor that determines the ants uncertainty but there are also other factors that affect the ants confidence in...

The bcr-abl oncogene is a product of a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. This fusion product is also called the Philadephia chromosome and is responsible for the cancer seen in myeloid cells, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder with an annual incidence of one to two cases per 100,000 per year (Mauro  Druker, 2001). The disease proceeds in four distinct phases the stable (chronic) phase, advanced phase, accelerated...