Herbicide Resistant Crops
Classical breeding systems have gained some success when it comes to the development of herbicide resistant cultivars which includes triazine tolerant canola varieties and metribuzin tolerant soybean. This type of breeding has primarily relied on intraspecific genetic variation from recombinationsegregationsexual hybridization and to a lesser degree, mutation-induced variability (Fowler 1992).
Herbicides that portray low toxicity to crop species take on an important part in terms of weed control in modern agriculture (Duke 1996). But these selective herbicides are more often than not only available for the major crops because the development of such yields for high costs.
Significant losses in the fields are caused by excessive weed growth which in turn forces several crops into competing for nutrients and sunlight. Since herbicides are not capable of differentiating plants that are classified as weeds and plants that are crops, in turn, conventional agricultural systems are only able to make use of selective herbicides. These herbicides are not known to of making any harm to the crops but are not very effective when it comes to the removal of all weed types.
Many crops have been genetically altered to be resistant when it comes to non-selective herbicides. These so called transgenic crops have genes that allow them to decompose or degrade the active ingredient found in a herbicide, making it not detrimental or undamaging. Hence farmers are able to control weeds without difficulty in time of the growing season and have more flexibility when choosing the appropriate times for spraying.
These herbicide resistant crops facilitate low or even no tillage cultural systems, which a lot of farmers regard to be further sustainable. An additional advantage of this is that it allows farmers to manage weeds without having to turn to some of the more environmentally supposed kinds of herbicides. Critics argue that for some cases the use of these herbicide resistant crops may lead to an increase of herbicide use hence promote the development and use of herbicide resistant weeds thus create damage to the biodiversity on the farm.
Studies and field trials that were conducted on these herbicide resistant crops have revealed that different herbicides as well as herbicide application practices have an effect on the amount of wild plants that can be found on the fields or farms.
Rising technologies include vitro mutagenesis andor selection, embryo rescue, parasexual hybridizations, and finally genetic transformations. Genetic transformation of plants to be herbicide resistance is one method of achieving these selective herbicides. In genetic transformation it is necessary that there is the ability to transform the crop or specie of interest plus the gene which confers herbicide resistance should be available. Same goes for vitro mutagenesis where production of the herbicide resistance crops will be possible through the reintroduction of the DNA into the species of interest (Duke 1996).
Herbicide resistance trait is now transferrable to a crop and hence a new strategy for strigaweed control has been demonstrated. Prior to planting the crop, its seeds are soak in a herbicide. These seeds become poisonous to the weed or striga parasite but the seeds are unharmed. These seeds grow and sprout with no obstruction or holdup. When the crop is harvested, the herbicide then becomes decomposed and disappears.
These technologies are said to have impact the development of herbicide resistant crops. The technologies will not dodge the classical breeding method due to inherent deficiencies, but these technologies should provide desirable sources of genetic or inherited herbicide tolerance that can be refined, multiplied, recombined, and distributed by means of classical variety development knowledge and technologies (Slater 2003).
Herbicides that portray low toxicity to crop species take on an important part in terms of weed control in modern agriculture (Duke 1996). But these selective herbicides are more often than not only available for the major crops because the development of such yields for high costs.
Significant losses in the fields are caused by excessive weed growth which in turn forces several crops into competing for nutrients and sunlight. Since herbicides are not capable of differentiating plants that are classified as weeds and plants that are crops, in turn, conventional agricultural systems are only able to make use of selective herbicides. These herbicides are not known to of making any harm to the crops but are not very effective when it comes to the removal of all weed types.
Many crops have been genetically altered to be resistant when it comes to non-selective herbicides. These so called transgenic crops have genes that allow them to decompose or degrade the active ingredient found in a herbicide, making it not detrimental or undamaging. Hence farmers are able to control weeds without difficulty in time of the growing season and have more flexibility when choosing the appropriate times for spraying.
These herbicide resistant crops facilitate low or even no tillage cultural systems, which a lot of farmers regard to be further sustainable. An additional advantage of this is that it allows farmers to manage weeds without having to turn to some of the more environmentally supposed kinds of herbicides. Critics argue that for some cases the use of these herbicide resistant crops may lead to an increase of herbicide use hence promote the development and use of herbicide resistant weeds thus create damage to the biodiversity on the farm.
Studies and field trials that were conducted on these herbicide resistant crops have revealed that different herbicides as well as herbicide application practices have an effect on the amount of wild plants that can be found on the fields or farms.
Rising technologies include vitro mutagenesis andor selection, embryo rescue, parasexual hybridizations, and finally genetic transformations. Genetic transformation of plants to be herbicide resistance is one method of achieving these selective herbicides. In genetic transformation it is necessary that there is the ability to transform the crop or specie of interest plus the gene which confers herbicide resistance should be available. Same goes for vitro mutagenesis where production of the herbicide resistance crops will be possible through the reintroduction of the DNA into the species of interest (Duke 1996).
Herbicide resistance trait is now transferrable to a crop and hence a new strategy for strigaweed control has been demonstrated. Prior to planting the crop, its seeds are soak in a herbicide. These seeds become poisonous to the weed or striga parasite but the seeds are unharmed. These seeds grow and sprout with no obstruction or holdup. When the crop is harvested, the herbicide then becomes decomposed and disappears.
These technologies are said to have impact the development of herbicide resistant crops. The technologies will not dodge the classical breeding method due to inherent deficiencies, but these technologies should provide desirable sources of genetic or inherited herbicide tolerance that can be refined, multiplied, recombined, and distributed by means of classical variety development knowledge and technologies (Slater 2003).
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