The Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
A. summary of structurefunction and how the cardiovascular and respiratory systems co-work. Introduction
Proper functioning of the cardiovascular system is very dependent on the respiratory system. Equally, the functions of the respiratory system cannot be complete without the cardiovascular system.
Thesis statement the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system co-work to accomplish vital and complex roles in the body thus making it very hard to make a robot that would duplicate their roles.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular (circulatory) system is made of three main components the blood, blood vessels and the heart. The blood is made of several components including erythrocytes which contain hemoglobin thus helping in oxygen transport. The lymphocytes on the other hand are responsible for providing the body with immunity by T cells specifically killing infected cells directly whereas the B lymphocytes produce antibodies. Thrombocytes (platelets) are responsible for blood clotting whereas leukocytes phagocytose invading microorganisms. The plasma is the fluid component of the blood primarily made of water with only a small percentage containing dissolved nutrients, wastes, enzymes and hormones. The blood plasma carries the function of keeping a constant body PH in addition to helping in blood clotting through fibrinogen component. Blood plasma is also important in maintaining body immunity through the globulin component in addition to transporting molecules such as cholesterol (PATTS, 2000).
There are three types of blood vessels veins, arteries and capillaries. The vascular system is distributed through out the body with the arteries and veins arranged parallel to each other whereas the capillaries form a web-like connection. The arteries are highly elastic and are generally strong. Blood is transported at high pressure in the arteries as it leaves the heart to other parts of the body. The strength and elasticity of these vessels allows for this. As they move further from the heart, the arteries split into thinner vessels progressively into arterioles. The largest artery is the aorta with branches such as the coronary arteries (right and left) as well as descending and ascending aorta (Cardiology Channel, 2008).
As the arterioles branch further, they form the web of capillaries which are microscopic in size. The capillaries have a thin wall that allows substances to cross into the surrounding tissues. The capillaries then connect to venules whose later connection forms the veins. Veins are not as strong as the arteries as their inner walls are thinner than those of the arteries and blood moves through them at a low pressure. The veins therefore contain valves to prevent blood from flowing back. Connecting the veins directly to the heart is the inferior and superior vena cava.
It is important to note that arteries carry blood away from the heart at a high pressure and the blood is rich in oxygen. However an exception occurs with pulmonary artery that takes blood to the lung for oxygenation. The veins on the other hand transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart save for pulmonary vein that carries blood oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart (Cardiology Channel, 2008).
The heart is a major organ in the cardiovascular system and therefore it has a complex structure and function. Close to the size of a mans fist, the heart is flanked by the lungs with its greater part (two-thirds) reclining to the left of the thoracic cavity midline. The heart is internally made up of four chambers with the atria forming the upper chambers and the ventricles forming the lower chambers. The major division of the heart is the right and the left side of the heart. Blood coming from all parts of the body through the inferior and superior vena cavae enter the heart via the right atrium and into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. From the right ventricle, it s pumped into the lungs through the pulmonary artery. After oxygenation, blood is transported into the left atrium through the pulmonary vein passing through the mitral valve. The muscular left ventricle then pumps blood at high pressure into all parts of the body through the aorta.
The circulatory circuit is made of the pulmonary circulation involving blood circulation around the heart and the lung and the systemic circulation arising from the heart to all parts of the body. In the systemic circulation, the aorta is the major artery. It is subdivides into aortic arch that supplies the head, the ascending artery supplying the abdomen and the descending aorta supplying the body extremities. The heart itself is supplied by the coronary arteries (PATTS, 2000).
Respiratory system
The respiratory system is primarily responsible for facilitating gaseous exchange and eventually maintaining a stable body PH. located in the thorax, it is subdivided into the upper and the lower respiratory system. The upper respiratory system is made of the nose, the nasal cavity, mouth cavity, sinuses, larynx and trachea. These are the upper air passages with the mouth and the nasal cavity conditioning air appropriately which may include moisturizing air and warming air among other functions. Control of moisture and temperature in the nasal cavity is facilitated by the mucous membranes thereof. The lining of the airways not only contains mucus but also has cilia that filter air of any particles. At the pharynx, the epiglottis ensures that food does not pass into the trachea through the larynx. Air passes the larynx into the bronchi (right and left bronchi connecting to each lung). Important to note is that the bronchi never collapse due to reinforcement by rings of cartilage. The bronchi subdivides further into narrow tubes called the bronchioles which connect to the alveoli of the lungs. The alveoli are small sacs which are clustered to form grape like shape. Surrounding the alveoli is an extensive network of capillaries that facilitates gaseous exchange.
The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity and they are a pair of lobular organs divided into an upper lobe, a lower lobe (the left lung) and a middle lobe (the right lung). Surrounding the lungs is the ribcage made of ribs and intercostals muscles whose movements facilitate exhalation and inhalation. Distal to the lung is the diaphragm (a strong muscle) which moves up and down also thus facilitating ventilation. During ventilation, air passes through the conduits into the alveoli in the lungs where exchange of gases occurs.
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems
The lungs form the meeting point of the cardiovascular (specifically the blood) and the respiratory system. The function of the blood is to supply oxygen to all cells of the body whereas the respiratory system oxygenates blood by removing carbon dioxide from the blood. This happens in the alveoli which are surrounded by plenty of capillaries. Deoxygenated blood that has been brought to the lungs from the heart through the pulmonary artery reaches the capillaries in the alveoli. Since the concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood than in the alveoli, it diffuses into the alveoli and removed outside the body through the air passages. On the other hand, air in the alveoli is highly concentrated with oxygen than in the capillaries and hence oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and eventually blood is oxygenated. It is then transported through the respective cardiovascular pathways into every part of the body (Wissman, 2007).
As earlier mentioned, blood plasma maintains a constant PH. This is facilitated by the respiratory system whereby removal of carbon dioxide increases alkalinity of blood. The physiological PH should be about PH 7.4. Carbon dioxide in the blood exists in form of a weak carbonic acid which tends to lower blood PH. Removing the carbon dioxide through the respiratory system therefore raises PH to the homeostatic level (Pulmonology Channel, 2009). Interestingly, the cardiovascular system also supplies the respiratory system and therefore they are not independent.
Can a robot replace the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
The field of science and technology has no impossibilities. Never would one have thought that there would be systems that would take up some vital roles only believed to be confined to the human species. Technology has led to the existence of robots that perfectly take up the role of the muscular and skeletal systems. There are robots with the ability to open not only doors but wheel chairs. Others have mimicked the nervous system as robots can sense variations in pressure. Others have been made to perform intelligent tasks such as surgery. In spite of all these advancements, there has not been made a robot that would duplicate the role of the cardiovascular and respiratory system (NewScientist, 2010).
The functioning of these two systems is quite complex and is not mere mechanical roles. The complex physiology involved in exchange of gases as well as the role of the blood cells may be quite hard to mimic. There is however no doubt that there are machines mimicking organs in these systems. Artificial hearts and lungs have been made and it is also possible to have systems that would purify blood and ensure homeostasis as enabled by these systems. Building on these and other advances in technology, there is high possibility that soon there will be robots duplicating the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The cardiovascular system is vital in ensuring blood circulation and the subsequent supply of oxygen and removal of waste products from the cells. The blood is also pertinent in defending the body from infections as facilitated by the blood cells. On the other hand, the respiratory system comprised of the upper and lower respiratory system is a vital system in ventilation and co-works with the cardiovascular system to ensure blood oxygenation and overall maintenance of homeostasis. Though no robot has been made to take up these roles, there is no doubt that the future can bring this to a reality.
Proper functioning of the cardiovascular system is very dependent on the respiratory system. Equally, the functions of the respiratory system cannot be complete without the cardiovascular system.
Thesis statement the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system co-work to accomplish vital and complex roles in the body thus making it very hard to make a robot that would duplicate their roles.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular (circulatory) system is made of three main components the blood, blood vessels and the heart. The blood is made of several components including erythrocytes which contain hemoglobin thus helping in oxygen transport. The lymphocytes on the other hand are responsible for providing the body with immunity by T cells specifically killing infected cells directly whereas the B lymphocytes produce antibodies. Thrombocytes (platelets) are responsible for blood clotting whereas leukocytes phagocytose invading microorganisms. The plasma is the fluid component of the blood primarily made of water with only a small percentage containing dissolved nutrients, wastes, enzymes and hormones. The blood plasma carries the function of keeping a constant body PH in addition to helping in blood clotting through fibrinogen component. Blood plasma is also important in maintaining body immunity through the globulin component in addition to transporting molecules such as cholesterol (PATTS, 2000).
There are three types of blood vessels veins, arteries and capillaries. The vascular system is distributed through out the body with the arteries and veins arranged parallel to each other whereas the capillaries form a web-like connection. The arteries are highly elastic and are generally strong. Blood is transported at high pressure in the arteries as it leaves the heart to other parts of the body. The strength and elasticity of these vessels allows for this. As they move further from the heart, the arteries split into thinner vessels progressively into arterioles. The largest artery is the aorta with branches such as the coronary arteries (right and left) as well as descending and ascending aorta (Cardiology Channel, 2008).
As the arterioles branch further, they form the web of capillaries which are microscopic in size. The capillaries have a thin wall that allows substances to cross into the surrounding tissues. The capillaries then connect to venules whose later connection forms the veins. Veins are not as strong as the arteries as their inner walls are thinner than those of the arteries and blood moves through them at a low pressure. The veins therefore contain valves to prevent blood from flowing back. Connecting the veins directly to the heart is the inferior and superior vena cava.
It is important to note that arteries carry blood away from the heart at a high pressure and the blood is rich in oxygen. However an exception occurs with pulmonary artery that takes blood to the lung for oxygenation. The veins on the other hand transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart save for pulmonary vein that carries blood oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart (Cardiology Channel, 2008).
The heart is a major organ in the cardiovascular system and therefore it has a complex structure and function. Close to the size of a mans fist, the heart is flanked by the lungs with its greater part (two-thirds) reclining to the left of the thoracic cavity midline. The heart is internally made up of four chambers with the atria forming the upper chambers and the ventricles forming the lower chambers. The major division of the heart is the right and the left side of the heart. Blood coming from all parts of the body through the inferior and superior vena cavae enter the heart via the right atrium and into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. From the right ventricle, it s pumped into the lungs through the pulmonary artery. After oxygenation, blood is transported into the left atrium through the pulmonary vein passing through the mitral valve. The muscular left ventricle then pumps blood at high pressure into all parts of the body through the aorta.
The circulatory circuit is made of the pulmonary circulation involving blood circulation around the heart and the lung and the systemic circulation arising from the heart to all parts of the body. In the systemic circulation, the aorta is the major artery. It is subdivides into aortic arch that supplies the head, the ascending artery supplying the abdomen and the descending aorta supplying the body extremities. The heart itself is supplied by the coronary arteries (PATTS, 2000).
Respiratory system
The respiratory system is primarily responsible for facilitating gaseous exchange and eventually maintaining a stable body PH. located in the thorax, it is subdivided into the upper and the lower respiratory system. The upper respiratory system is made of the nose, the nasal cavity, mouth cavity, sinuses, larynx and trachea. These are the upper air passages with the mouth and the nasal cavity conditioning air appropriately which may include moisturizing air and warming air among other functions. Control of moisture and temperature in the nasal cavity is facilitated by the mucous membranes thereof. The lining of the airways not only contains mucus but also has cilia that filter air of any particles. At the pharynx, the epiglottis ensures that food does not pass into the trachea through the larynx. Air passes the larynx into the bronchi (right and left bronchi connecting to each lung). Important to note is that the bronchi never collapse due to reinforcement by rings of cartilage. The bronchi subdivides further into narrow tubes called the bronchioles which connect to the alveoli of the lungs. The alveoli are small sacs which are clustered to form grape like shape. Surrounding the alveoli is an extensive network of capillaries that facilitates gaseous exchange.
The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity and they are a pair of lobular organs divided into an upper lobe, a lower lobe (the left lung) and a middle lobe (the right lung). Surrounding the lungs is the ribcage made of ribs and intercostals muscles whose movements facilitate exhalation and inhalation. Distal to the lung is the diaphragm (a strong muscle) which moves up and down also thus facilitating ventilation. During ventilation, air passes through the conduits into the alveoli in the lungs where exchange of gases occurs.
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems
The lungs form the meeting point of the cardiovascular (specifically the blood) and the respiratory system. The function of the blood is to supply oxygen to all cells of the body whereas the respiratory system oxygenates blood by removing carbon dioxide from the blood. This happens in the alveoli which are surrounded by plenty of capillaries. Deoxygenated blood that has been brought to the lungs from the heart through the pulmonary artery reaches the capillaries in the alveoli. Since the concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood than in the alveoli, it diffuses into the alveoli and removed outside the body through the air passages. On the other hand, air in the alveoli is highly concentrated with oxygen than in the capillaries and hence oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and eventually blood is oxygenated. It is then transported through the respective cardiovascular pathways into every part of the body (Wissman, 2007).
As earlier mentioned, blood plasma maintains a constant PH. This is facilitated by the respiratory system whereby removal of carbon dioxide increases alkalinity of blood. The physiological PH should be about PH 7.4. Carbon dioxide in the blood exists in form of a weak carbonic acid which tends to lower blood PH. Removing the carbon dioxide through the respiratory system therefore raises PH to the homeostatic level (Pulmonology Channel, 2009). Interestingly, the cardiovascular system also supplies the respiratory system and therefore they are not independent.
Can a robot replace the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
The field of science and technology has no impossibilities. Never would one have thought that there would be systems that would take up some vital roles only believed to be confined to the human species. Technology has led to the existence of robots that perfectly take up the role of the muscular and skeletal systems. There are robots with the ability to open not only doors but wheel chairs. Others have mimicked the nervous system as robots can sense variations in pressure. Others have been made to perform intelligent tasks such as surgery. In spite of all these advancements, there has not been made a robot that would duplicate the role of the cardiovascular and respiratory system (NewScientist, 2010).
The functioning of these two systems is quite complex and is not mere mechanical roles. The complex physiology involved in exchange of gases as well as the role of the blood cells may be quite hard to mimic. There is however no doubt that there are machines mimicking organs in these systems. Artificial hearts and lungs have been made and it is also possible to have systems that would purify blood and ensure homeostasis as enabled by these systems. Building on these and other advances in technology, there is high possibility that soon there will be robots duplicating the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The cardiovascular system is vital in ensuring blood circulation and the subsequent supply of oxygen and removal of waste products from the cells. The blood is also pertinent in defending the body from infections as facilitated by the blood cells. On the other hand, the respiratory system comprised of the upper and lower respiratory system is a vital system in ventilation and co-works with the cardiovascular system to ensure blood oxygenation and overall maintenance of homeostasis. Though no robot has been made to take up these roles, there is no doubt that the future can bring this to a reality.
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