The Dog as a Model Organism for Research.
Successful and comprehensive dog genome sequencing has prompted useful biometric research into clinical investigation about human diseases that are seemingly shared between dog and human family. Research on dog genome sequence and mapping has facilitated research on clinical diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and autoimmune disorders that affect both man and dog in order to single out the causative genes. On the basis of the research modalities, the dog genome has been found to be about seventy five (75) percent equivalent to that of the human gene and that dogs suffer from the same diseases as man the genome sequencing research can enhance tracking down of the human genes that bring about diseases in humans by identifying defective and sick genes on the dogs genome research. Moreover, cancer research is underway with specifically selected homogeneous dog genome to avoid variable inaccuracy during research.
Double Nucleotide Acid (DNA) analysis of the mitochondria dog genome has establish that domesticated dog genome variation is linked to a narrow genetic bottleneck whereby only few wild ancestral characteristics actually contribute to the domestic genetic pool. Nevertheless, high variation can be attributed to the domestic dogs as the wild meaning that back-crossed offspring can be found to be display the wild gene orientation (Ellegren, 2005). This implies that if a domesticated female dog is continually exposed a wild male to mate, soon the domestication can be reversed. According to Hans Ellegren of the Department of Evolutionary biology at Uppsala university-Sweden, the dogs genome vary according to shape, size, geographical location, behavior and physiological differences within the dog family that is a key pointer to the diverse and separable gene sequence that can be used pin point disease causative gene. Therefore dog genome development can used to identify a disease or condition contributory genes with precise correlation characteristic information about a human-dog shared disease cause, effects and their possibly mutations at the molecular level of research. The research has enhanced clinical efficiency in assessment of cancer and other diseases when drugs are administered (Ellegren, 2005). Genome mapping can be essential in doing research to make conclusion about drug risks and find out on the expected mutations during drug administration in regard to effects of varied drug volume, intensity, administration channel and frequency.
Furthermore, dog genome research results have provided a platform for research into human health and malady management. In spite of dogs being the first animals to be domesticated, these mammals originated from a single homogeneous wolf species that experienced a restricting form of gene diversity that allowed only a few character traits in breeds to develop a phenomenon known as population bottleneck that led the development of particular desired breeds. Selective breeding can be done to bring about population variety. Also, Jaime Modiano, a cancer biologist from University of Colorado Health Sciences Center explores the fact that some breeds of dogs have higher risk to particular cancer tumors than are other breeds for instance, boxers, golden retrievers, and St Bernards have shown higher risk rate of lymphoma as opposed to the Irish wolfhounds that exhibit bone cancer (Phillips, 2009). Scientists agree on making use of genetic markers to point out cancer causing genes form the rest of the dog genome. Genetic markers are sequences that differ slightly in different dogs within a known chromosomal location. Therefore in case of a diseased dog, a certain present genetic sequence in a sick dog could be found missing in the genome of a healthy counterparts thus establishing a marker to a disease gene location. The same is untrue in human beings as many samples from close relatives have to be collected by geneticists over a wide generation of subjects. Collection of human samples is difficult minding that man has very few generation samples (only three mostly-grandfathers to grandchildren only) that can give false and biased results whereas dogs have a short generation due to the ability to have many off springs at a time.
Top notch scientific conclusions about the dog genome study, is the ground breaking information on clinical management of resilient inherited canine diseases. This is because there exists a clinical and molecular manifestation of the canine diseases that are similar to the analogous human diseases, as stated by Mike Starkey et al. in their research article Dogs really are mans best friend. Generally scientists accept that dogs have a higher physiological relationship with man than rat models and as such their size is manageable enough to induce clinical therapy with viable and dependable results unlike the rodent genome model. Conclusive and informative examples of the success of the dog genome research include Inherited retinal disease has benefitted from the dog genome research. Clinical examination of the affected dog has established means that can be used to eliminate retinal diseases both in dogs and human correlatively. The size of the dog eye is comparable to the human eye contrary to rodents-oriented research thus therapy trials with dogs has offered better predictive effects on trial treatment with ease to compare and evaluate effectively the volume used and administrative techniques. Starkey (2005) insists that Inherited neurological diseases has been identified by means of the dog genome to be caused by a dodecamer repeat in the Epm2b (Nhlrc 1) gene that is said to be responsible for idiopathic epileptic cases. Improvement of treatment in the dog population can reflect success in the field of human biology and medicine as causative mutations are easily identified and proper treatment measures can be realized after thorough trials.
Carcinogenic pathways have been identified by scientist by using the dog genome technique to isolate and identify RCND mutation responsible for Renal Cystadenocarcinoma and Dermatofibrosis especially associated with German Shepherd dogs (Starkey, 2005). At the same time there are some general terms that have been agreed on from the dog genome research. That there exists a much applauded higher degree of nucleotide sequence conservation between a dog genome and mans as opposed to a rodent. Subsequently weighty genetic research has developed high-resolution mapping of human candidate disease regions as pointed out by Starkey Thomas et al construction of these maps can be used for successful and comprehensive logical future cloning.
Identification of genetic markets and their mapping will enhance a microbiological revolution whereby a whole dogs genome evaluation of behavioral characteristics can be used to design human behavioral kits. Consequently identification of specific trait genome markers in dog life can enhance human studies to alleviate cancer and other diseases in dogs and man. Since cancers affect about 30-50 of the dogs family it shall be easy identify easy candidate dogs specific to a given cancerous situation for research unlike the rats family (Broad Institute, 2008). Also, in any case if the study concerns behavioral change in case of therapy trials, it is easier to notice sharp to moderate changes in dogs than it is possible in rodent research based genome. Vitally, the dogs genome is less divergent from mans genome as opposed to the rodent genome. According to Karlsson Elinor et al., the human-dog genome nucleotide divergence is about 0.35 substitutions per site compared to an average divergence of 0.51 that exists between man and mice (Karlsson, 2008). Besides the dogs genome being highly compact with less repetition patterns of insertion and segment duplication dogs have relatively the same number of orthologues genes as humans. Dogs have a seven times shorter life span than humans and therefore the manifestation of diseases can take about one to three years a phenomenon that can take 5-15 years in man. Therefore ageing disease can be observed from the aging family dogs as an indicator of possible aging ailments to be experienced due to diet and lifestyles that are shared. Moreover, quality assurance of medicine and other forms of therapy can be trusted from the dog genome research due to the life span advantage contrary to a rodents genome correlation to mans lifetime.
Conclusively, the dog genome research has opened a highway of possibilities in the application of risk-free medical and therapy benefits to human life. Currently, mapping studies are underway to map cancers, kidney diseases, endocrine disorders, behavioral disorders, eye diseases and reproductive disorders (Broad institute, 2008). Therefore genes mapping for different diseases are being identified in distinctive breeds of dogs with a wide database to be instituted to launch formal research into possible treatment measures from the new perspective. This points out to better preventive health care and effective vaccines to be administered in the future. Over dosage, mutations and under dosage effects will easily averted slightly from the general population healthcare thus inviting a sense of trust, warmth and general understanding between dog and human to overcome diseases and ailments.
Double Nucleotide Acid (DNA) analysis of the mitochondria dog genome has establish that domesticated dog genome variation is linked to a narrow genetic bottleneck whereby only few wild ancestral characteristics actually contribute to the domestic genetic pool. Nevertheless, high variation can be attributed to the domestic dogs as the wild meaning that back-crossed offspring can be found to be display the wild gene orientation (Ellegren, 2005). This implies that if a domesticated female dog is continually exposed a wild male to mate, soon the domestication can be reversed. According to Hans Ellegren of the Department of Evolutionary biology at Uppsala university-Sweden, the dogs genome vary according to shape, size, geographical location, behavior and physiological differences within the dog family that is a key pointer to the diverse and separable gene sequence that can be used pin point disease causative gene. Therefore dog genome development can used to identify a disease or condition contributory genes with precise correlation characteristic information about a human-dog shared disease cause, effects and their possibly mutations at the molecular level of research. The research has enhanced clinical efficiency in assessment of cancer and other diseases when drugs are administered (Ellegren, 2005). Genome mapping can be essential in doing research to make conclusion about drug risks and find out on the expected mutations during drug administration in regard to effects of varied drug volume, intensity, administration channel and frequency.
Furthermore, dog genome research results have provided a platform for research into human health and malady management. In spite of dogs being the first animals to be domesticated, these mammals originated from a single homogeneous wolf species that experienced a restricting form of gene diversity that allowed only a few character traits in breeds to develop a phenomenon known as population bottleneck that led the development of particular desired breeds. Selective breeding can be done to bring about population variety. Also, Jaime Modiano, a cancer biologist from University of Colorado Health Sciences Center explores the fact that some breeds of dogs have higher risk to particular cancer tumors than are other breeds for instance, boxers, golden retrievers, and St Bernards have shown higher risk rate of lymphoma as opposed to the Irish wolfhounds that exhibit bone cancer (Phillips, 2009). Scientists agree on making use of genetic markers to point out cancer causing genes form the rest of the dog genome. Genetic markers are sequences that differ slightly in different dogs within a known chromosomal location. Therefore in case of a diseased dog, a certain present genetic sequence in a sick dog could be found missing in the genome of a healthy counterparts thus establishing a marker to a disease gene location. The same is untrue in human beings as many samples from close relatives have to be collected by geneticists over a wide generation of subjects. Collection of human samples is difficult minding that man has very few generation samples (only three mostly-grandfathers to grandchildren only) that can give false and biased results whereas dogs have a short generation due to the ability to have many off springs at a time.
Top notch scientific conclusions about the dog genome study, is the ground breaking information on clinical management of resilient inherited canine diseases. This is because there exists a clinical and molecular manifestation of the canine diseases that are similar to the analogous human diseases, as stated by Mike Starkey et al. in their research article Dogs really are mans best friend. Generally scientists accept that dogs have a higher physiological relationship with man than rat models and as such their size is manageable enough to induce clinical therapy with viable and dependable results unlike the rodent genome model. Conclusive and informative examples of the success of the dog genome research include Inherited retinal disease has benefitted from the dog genome research. Clinical examination of the affected dog has established means that can be used to eliminate retinal diseases both in dogs and human correlatively. The size of the dog eye is comparable to the human eye contrary to rodents-oriented research thus therapy trials with dogs has offered better predictive effects on trial treatment with ease to compare and evaluate effectively the volume used and administrative techniques. Starkey (2005) insists that Inherited neurological diseases has been identified by means of the dog genome to be caused by a dodecamer repeat in the Epm2b (Nhlrc 1) gene that is said to be responsible for idiopathic epileptic cases. Improvement of treatment in the dog population can reflect success in the field of human biology and medicine as causative mutations are easily identified and proper treatment measures can be realized after thorough trials.
Carcinogenic pathways have been identified by scientist by using the dog genome technique to isolate and identify RCND mutation responsible for Renal Cystadenocarcinoma and Dermatofibrosis especially associated with German Shepherd dogs (Starkey, 2005). At the same time there are some general terms that have been agreed on from the dog genome research. That there exists a much applauded higher degree of nucleotide sequence conservation between a dog genome and mans as opposed to a rodent. Subsequently weighty genetic research has developed high-resolution mapping of human candidate disease regions as pointed out by Starkey Thomas et al construction of these maps can be used for successful and comprehensive logical future cloning.
Identification of genetic markets and their mapping will enhance a microbiological revolution whereby a whole dogs genome evaluation of behavioral characteristics can be used to design human behavioral kits. Consequently identification of specific trait genome markers in dog life can enhance human studies to alleviate cancer and other diseases in dogs and man. Since cancers affect about 30-50 of the dogs family it shall be easy identify easy candidate dogs specific to a given cancerous situation for research unlike the rats family (Broad Institute, 2008). Also, in any case if the study concerns behavioral change in case of therapy trials, it is easier to notice sharp to moderate changes in dogs than it is possible in rodent research based genome. Vitally, the dogs genome is less divergent from mans genome as opposed to the rodent genome. According to Karlsson Elinor et al., the human-dog genome nucleotide divergence is about 0.35 substitutions per site compared to an average divergence of 0.51 that exists between man and mice (Karlsson, 2008). Besides the dogs genome being highly compact with less repetition patterns of insertion and segment duplication dogs have relatively the same number of orthologues genes as humans. Dogs have a seven times shorter life span than humans and therefore the manifestation of diseases can take about one to three years a phenomenon that can take 5-15 years in man. Therefore ageing disease can be observed from the aging family dogs as an indicator of possible aging ailments to be experienced due to diet and lifestyles that are shared. Moreover, quality assurance of medicine and other forms of therapy can be trusted from the dog genome research due to the life span advantage contrary to a rodents genome correlation to mans lifetime.
Conclusively, the dog genome research has opened a highway of possibilities in the application of risk-free medical and therapy benefits to human life. Currently, mapping studies are underway to map cancers, kidney diseases, endocrine disorders, behavioral disorders, eye diseases and reproductive disorders (Broad institute, 2008). Therefore genes mapping for different diseases are being identified in distinctive breeds of dogs with a wide database to be instituted to launch formal research into possible treatment measures from the new perspective. This points out to better preventive health care and effective vaccines to be administered in the future. Over dosage, mutations and under dosage effects will easily averted slightly from the general population healthcare thus inviting a sense of trust, warmth and general understanding between dog and human to overcome diseases and ailments.
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