Infections diseases
Infectious diseases are a group of conditions that are caused by harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, etc, and may spread from one person to another either directly or indirectly (WHO 2009). Every year infectious diseases kill million of people throughout the world and are one of the single largest causes of mortality and health concerns. Infectious diseases may spread through contact, vectors, inhaling droplets containing the microorganisms, consuming food or water contaminated with the microorganisms, through sex with an infected person (body fluids), etc. A pregnant woman can also transmit an infectious disease to the unborn child (Mayo 2009).
Infectious diseases have been throughout history causing havoc in man. The ancient Egyptian and the Greek civilizations have had their sorrows with epidemics of leprosy, tuberculosis and diphtheria. Epidemics affected populations seriously including trade, politics, social life, etc. Epidemics of small pox and plagues followed soon affected the Roman Empire hugely. In the period between 1104 and 1110 BC, about 90 of the European population was wiped off with plague. In the 15th and 16th centuries following the discovery of the New World, even the Americas was ravaged with plague, with about 25 of the populations of the Aztecs being wiped out in 1520 alone. Syphilis became rampant in Europe since the late portion of the 15th century. There was also lot of problems with leprosy in Europe during the Middle Ages, as lepers were heavily discriminated and had to carry a bell to warn others (Nelson and Williams 2006).
During the middle Ages efforts were made to identify the cause of infectious diseases and develop a method to identify, treat and prevent them. In the 1630s, the Cinchona bark was utilized to treat malaria in Europe. Edward Jenner began inoculating people against the small pox virus by using the cow pox fluid lesions. In the Western world, cholera, malaria, yellow fever, plague, etc, were huge concerns during the later portion of the 19th century. Several antimalarial drugs were discovered during the 1930s, and in the 1940s, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin that could be used against several pathological bacteria. Now man had control over several bacterial diseases. Vaccines began to be developed for several diseases since the start of the 20th century. Besides, in the US efforts were made to improve sanitation, water hygiene, provide vaccines and healthcare facilities, improved means of diagnosis, etc, which helped to reduce the morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. There was also an increase in the lifespan of people throughout the US (Nelson and Williams 2006).
H1N1 flu or formerly known as Swine flu had caused pandemics throughout the world in the year 2008 and 2009. However, todays advances in medicine have ensured that the disease remains in control. Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir and zanamivir are useful in treating the disease in high-risk groups. Today the antiviral drugs are even used as a prophylaxis measure in the high risk groups. Today vaccination against swine flu has been developed in the form of injections and nasal sprays that can help to protect millions across the world (CDC 2010).
Some of the most common infectious diseases across the world include sleeping sickness, cholera, dengue, hepatitis A, B C, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, measles, meningitis, shigellosis, tuberculosis, HIVAIDS, typhoid, yellow fever, etc. Some of the common emerging infectious include anthrax, E. coli infection, prion diseases, small pox, drug resistant tuberculosis, Lymes disease, SARS, botulism, etc. Some of these infections are actually old infectious that are reappearing today and are causing havoc in the public health network. The US government and federal agencies have developed a new strategy to manage these conditions. They are researching the relationship between the pathogen and its environment and further developing diagnostic tests, drugs, vaccines and other preventive methods of overcoming these infections. Around the globe an international network is being developed to ensure that any disease concern in one are can be addressed in order to prevent a pandemic (NIAID 2009).
Ever since the identification of the human DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953, there has been tremendous interest in studying the genetic code further and identifying places at which the human susceptibility to diseases would be determined. The Human Genome Project undertaken in 1990s tried to identify all the human genes and was able to recognize about 10 million locations of single-base DNA differences. These differences occurred between one individual and another and there is increasing speculation whether this could determine human susceptibility or resistance to an infecting organism. Furtherer scientists are also trying to use gene therapy and specialized medications that would act at the genetic level. In this way infectious diseases can be better managed. Scientists have also found a promising vaccine for HIV after struggling for its development for more than 25 years (Nelson and Williams 2006).
Infectious diseases have been throughout history causing havoc in man. The ancient Egyptian and the Greek civilizations have had their sorrows with epidemics of leprosy, tuberculosis and diphtheria. Epidemics affected populations seriously including trade, politics, social life, etc. Epidemics of small pox and plagues followed soon affected the Roman Empire hugely. In the period between 1104 and 1110 BC, about 90 of the European population was wiped off with plague. In the 15th and 16th centuries following the discovery of the New World, even the Americas was ravaged with plague, with about 25 of the populations of the Aztecs being wiped out in 1520 alone. Syphilis became rampant in Europe since the late portion of the 15th century. There was also lot of problems with leprosy in Europe during the Middle Ages, as lepers were heavily discriminated and had to carry a bell to warn others (Nelson and Williams 2006).
During the middle Ages efforts were made to identify the cause of infectious diseases and develop a method to identify, treat and prevent them. In the 1630s, the Cinchona bark was utilized to treat malaria in Europe. Edward Jenner began inoculating people against the small pox virus by using the cow pox fluid lesions. In the Western world, cholera, malaria, yellow fever, plague, etc, were huge concerns during the later portion of the 19th century. Several antimalarial drugs were discovered during the 1930s, and in the 1940s, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin that could be used against several pathological bacteria. Now man had control over several bacterial diseases. Vaccines began to be developed for several diseases since the start of the 20th century. Besides, in the US efforts were made to improve sanitation, water hygiene, provide vaccines and healthcare facilities, improved means of diagnosis, etc, which helped to reduce the morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. There was also an increase in the lifespan of people throughout the US (Nelson and Williams 2006).
H1N1 flu or formerly known as Swine flu had caused pandemics throughout the world in the year 2008 and 2009. However, todays advances in medicine have ensured that the disease remains in control. Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir and zanamivir are useful in treating the disease in high-risk groups. Today the antiviral drugs are even used as a prophylaxis measure in the high risk groups. Today vaccination against swine flu has been developed in the form of injections and nasal sprays that can help to protect millions across the world (CDC 2010).
Some of the most common infectious diseases across the world include sleeping sickness, cholera, dengue, hepatitis A, B C, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, measles, meningitis, shigellosis, tuberculosis, HIVAIDS, typhoid, yellow fever, etc. Some of the common emerging infectious include anthrax, E. coli infection, prion diseases, small pox, drug resistant tuberculosis, Lymes disease, SARS, botulism, etc. Some of these infections are actually old infectious that are reappearing today and are causing havoc in the public health network. The US government and federal agencies have developed a new strategy to manage these conditions. They are researching the relationship between the pathogen and its environment and further developing diagnostic tests, drugs, vaccines and other preventive methods of overcoming these infections. Around the globe an international network is being developed to ensure that any disease concern in one are can be addressed in order to prevent a pandemic (NIAID 2009).
Ever since the identification of the human DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953, there has been tremendous interest in studying the genetic code further and identifying places at which the human susceptibility to diseases would be determined. The Human Genome Project undertaken in 1990s tried to identify all the human genes and was able to recognize about 10 million locations of single-base DNA differences. These differences occurred between one individual and another and there is increasing speculation whether this could determine human susceptibility or resistance to an infecting organism. Furtherer scientists are also trying to use gene therapy and specialized medications that would act at the genetic level. In this way infectious diseases can be better managed. Scientists have also found a promising vaccine for HIV after struggling for its development for more than 25 years (Nelson and Williams 2006).
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